Bismuth is a metal, it can occur naturally and the most important sources are sulfides and oxides.
It is 86% as dense as lead, with a density lower than lead.
Bismuth is as rare as silver.
Bismuth was believed to be the highest atomic mass that is stable but it was discovered to be extremely weakly radioactive in 2003.
Has a white-silver look often with an iridescent oxide tarnish with many colors from green, yellow, pink and blue but not most ussualy forms in ugly masses with metallic dark-gray color.
The colors comes from the variations of thickness of the oxide layer causing different wavelengths to interfere upon reflection and displaying a rainbow of colors.
Where to find:
Most marketed bismuth are grown in laboratory. Sometimes are coated with chemicals to prevent tarnish and maintaining silver-white color.
Uncommon can form flat hexagons in hexagonal crystal system. Pseudocubic crystals are almost never found in nature but laboratory produced.
It is found in hydrothermal ores of Co, Ni, Ag, Sn; in pegmatites and topaz-bearing Sn-W veins.
Can be extracted from pepto-bismol tablets.
Pepto-Bismol, a stomach medicine with bismuth subsalicylate as active ingredient, has purity of 57% bismuth.
Bismuth germanate are bismuth germanium oxide crystals, with formula Bi4Ge3O12.
The crystal has the ability to emit photons of wavelengths between 375-650 nm when irradiated by x-rays or gamma rays; with a peak at 480 nm.
Distinguish similar minerals:
Antimony and arsenic have lower specific gravity and greater hardness.
Tellurium lacks reddish hue, has a lighter color and lower specific gravity.
Characteristics:
Atomic number 83; Atomic weight 208,9804
Solid at 20 degree Celsius
Melting point of 271,5 C
Boiling point of 1564 C
Density of 9,78
Crystal structure: rhombohedral (trigonal); hexagonal
Speed of sound at 20 C: 1790 m/s
Magnetism: diamagnetic
Hardness: 2,25 Mohs
Specific gravity: 9,7 - 9,83
Lustre: metallic
Transparency: opaque
Electrical type: conductor
Color: metalic dark-gray and when oxidizes can have a rainbow of colors
Cleavage: perfect
Special properties: iridescent when oxidizes, highly diamagnetic, expands when solidified like water
Streak: silver-white
Not-fluorescent
Isotopes from Bi 184 to Bi 219; Bi 209 has 100% abundance and the longest life time
Common impurities: Fe, Te, As, S, Sb
Common associates (it can be found with): arsenopyrite, baryte, bismuthinite, breithauptite, calcite, chalcopyrite, cobaltite, cubanite, galena, lollingite, molybdenite, nickelite, pyrite, pyrrohotite, quartz, safflorite, scheelite, silver, sjytteridite, sphalerite, wolframite
Varieties of bismuth: Antimonian bismuth - an antimony bearing variety of native bismuth
Uses:
Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and alloys.
It is used to replace lead for its toxicity.
In medicine, is used as an antidiarrheal as bismuth subsalicylate; in peptic ulcers as bismuth subsalicylate and bismuth subcitrate; in eye infections as bibrocathol; in syphilis and other.
In cosmetics is used as pigment for eye shadows, hair sprays and nail polishes.
For alloys, it is used with metals like iron and also used to make bismuth bronze in the bronze age.
IT is used as electrocatalyst in conversion of CO2 to Co; bismuth vanadate in opaque yellow pigment used by some artist oil; bismuth germanate (a scintillator) used in x-ray and gamma ray detectors.
And bismuth telluride as a semiconductor, a thermoelectric and magnetic materials.
Bismuth can be used in magnetic levitation because it has a very strong diamagnetism.
Bismuth germanate are crystals used in particle detectors in particle physics, aerospace physics, nuclear medicine, geology exploration and positron emission tomography.Has a high scintillation efficiency, emits photons between between 375-650 nm with peak of 480 nm when irradiated by x-rays or gamma rays.
Occurrence:
It is known from ancient times, often confused with lead or tin because of some physical properties.
Can be found in native masses.
Minerals: bismuthinite, bismite, bismuthite,
!! Dancer
It has a much lower toxicity than lead.
Because of a very slow decay, its radiation causes no problems.
Background radiation being more strong than that of bismuth.
Bismuth should not be ingested, resulting in formations of black deposit on gingiva.
Isotopes:
Bi 207: synthetic, half-life 31,55 years; decay beta plus; product lead 207
Bi 208: synthetic, half-life 3,68x10 to the power of 5 years; decay beta plus; product lead 208
Bi 209: 100% abundance in nature; half-life of 2,01x10 to the power of 19; decay alpha; product thallium 205
Bi 210: traces in nature; half-life 5,012 days; decay beta minus and alpha; product (for beta polonium 210 and for alpha thallium 206)
Bi 210m: synthetic; half life 3,04x10 to the power of 6 years; decay IT and alpha, product (for IT Bi 210 and for alpha thallium 206)
Long been suspected as unstable, it was finally discovered that bismuth 209 has a half-life of over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe.
Bi 213 is an isotope found on the decay chain of neptunium 237 and uranium 233 and commercially can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator.
Tests:
When burned in oxygen, will burn with a blue flame and oxides forms yellow vapors.
Has just a melting point of 271,5 C, ha very low temperature and can be melt on a metal plate.
Hardness: 2,25 on Mohs scale
Streak: silver-white
Bismuth can make beautiful crystals when a rainbow of colors.
For that you need to melt it and let it cool very slow.
Becomes a little malleable when heated.
Expands when solidified.
Is strongly diamagnetic.
It is 86% as dense as lead, with a density lower than lead.
Bismuth is as rare as silver.
Bismuth was believed to be the highest atomic mass that is stable but it was discovered to be extremely weakly radioactive in 2003.
Has a white-silver look often with an iridescent oxide tarnish with many colors from green, yellow, pink and blue but not most ussualy forms in ugly masses with metallic dark-gray color.
The colors comes from the variations of thickness of the oxide layer causing different wavelengths to interfere upon reflection and displaying a rainbow of colors.
Where to find:
Most marketed bismuth are grown in laboratory. Sometimes are coated with chemicals to prevent tarnish and maintaining silver-white color.
Uncommon can form flat hexagons in hexagonal crystal system. Pseudocubic crystals are almost never found in nature but laboratory produced.
It is found in hydrothermal ores of Co, Ni, Ag, Sn; in pegmatites and topaz-bearing Sn-W veins.
Can be extracted from pepto-bismol tablets.
Pepto-Bismol, a stomach medicine with bismuth subsalicylate as active ingredient, has purity of 57% bismuth.
Bismuth germanate are bismuth germanium oxide crystals, with formula Bi4Ge3O12.
The crystal has the ability to emit photons of wavelengths between 375-650 nm when irradiated by x-rays or gamma rays; with a peak at 480 nm.
Distinguish similar minerals:
Antimony and arsenic have lower specific gravity and greater hardness.
Tellurium lacks reddish hue, has a lighter color and lower specific gravity.
Characteristics:
Atomic number 83; Atomic weight 208,9804
Solid at 20 degree Celsius
Melting point of 271,5 C
Boiling point of 1564 C
Density of 9,78
Crystal structure: rhombohedral (trigonal); hexagonal
Speed of sound at 20 C: 1790 m/s
Magnetism: diamagnetic
Hardness: 2,25 Mohs
Specific gravity: 9,7 - 9,83
Lustre: metallic
Transparency: opaque
Electrical type: conductor
Color: metalic dark-gray and when oxidizes can have a rainbow of colors
Cleavage: perfect
Special properties: iridescent when oxidizes, highly diamagnetic, expands when solidified like water
Streak: silver-white
Not-fluorescent
Isotopes from Bi 184 to Bi 219; Bi 209 has 100% abundance and the longest life time
Common impurities: Fe, Te, As, S, Sb
Common associates (it can be found with): arsenopyrite, baryte, bismuthinite, breithauptite, calcite, chalcopyrite, cobaltite, cubanite, galena, lollingite, molybdenite, nickelite, pyrite, pyrrohotite, quartz, safflorite, scheelite, silver, sjytteridite, sphalerite, wolframite
Varieties of bismuth: Antimonian bismuth - an antimony bearing variety of native bismuth
Uses:
Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and alloys.
It is used to replace lead for its toxicity.
In medicine, is used as an antidiarrheal as bismuth subsalicylate; in peptic ulcers as bismuth subsalicylate and bismuth subcitrate; in eye infections as bibrocathol; in syphilis and other.
In cosmetics is used as pigment for eye shadows, hair sprays and nail polishes.
For alloys, it is used with metals like iron and also used to make bismuth bronze in the bronze age.
IT is used as electrocatalyst in conversion of CO2 to Co; bismuth vanadate in opaque yellow pigment used by some artist oil; bismuth germanate (a scintillator) used in x-ray and gamma ray detectors.
And bismuth telluride as a semiconductor, a thermoelectric and magnetic materials.
Bismuth can be used in magnetic levitation because it has a very strong diamagnetism.
Bismuth germanate are crystals used in particle detectors in particle physics, aerospace physics, nuclear medicine, geology exploration and positron emission tomography.Has a high scintillation efficiency, emits photons between between 375-650 nm with peak of 480 nm when irradiated by x-rays or gamma rays.
Occurrence:
It is known from ancient times, often confused with lead or tin because of some physical properties.
Can be found in native masses.
Minerals: bismuthinite, bismite, bismuthite,
!! Dancer
It has a much lower toxicity than lead.
Because of a very slow decay, its radiation causes no problems.
Background radiation being more strong than that of bismuth.
Bismuth should not be ingested, resulting in formations of black deposit on gingiva.
Isotopes:
Bi 207: synthetic, half-life 31,55 years; decay beta plus; product lead 207
Bi 208: synthetic, half-life 3,68x10 to the power of 5 years; decay beta plus; product lead 208
Bi 209: 100% abundance in nature; half-life of 2,01x10 to the power of 19; decay alpha; product thallium 205
Bi 210: traces in nature; half-life 5,012 days; decay beta minus and alpha; product (for beta polonium 210 and for alpha thallium 206)
Bi 210m: synthetic; half life 3,04x10 to the power of 6 years; decay IT and alpha, product (for IT Bi 210 and for alpha thallium 206)
Long been suspected as unstable, it was finally discovered that bismuth 209 has a half-life of over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe.
Bi 213 is an isotope found on the decay chain of neptunium 237 and uranium 233 and commercially can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator.
Tests:
When burned in oxygen, will burn with a blue flame and oxides forms yellow vapors.
Has just a melting point of 271,5 C, ha very low temperature and can be melt on a metal plate.
Hardness: 2,25 on Mohs scale
Streak: silver-white
Bismuth can make beautiful crystals when a rainbow of colors.
For that you need to melt it and let it cool very slow.
Becomes a little malleable when heated.
Expands when solidified.
Is strongly diamagnetic.
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